2014 远东论坛大会报告-Christian Boller

运用无损评价技术进行结构完整性管理

克里斯丁·鲍勒

萨尔大学无损检测与质量保障首席教授

弗朗霍菲无损检测研究所所长（萨尔布吕肯/德累斯顿）

Managing StructuralIntegrity through Non-Destructive Evaluation

Christian Boller

Chair of NDT & Quality Assurance, SaarlandUniversity, Saarbrücken/Germany

Fraunhofer IZFP, Saarbrücken/Germany

结构完整性在工程领域具有举足轻重的地位。毫无疑问，如果没有结构完整性管理,工程质量安全将得不到根本保障。不论是设计还是制造行业，恰当的质量保障都是必须的。在制造和装配工序中运用无损检测技术（NDT），已经取得了显著成果。而NDT并不局限于制造和装配工艺中的缺陷检测，它也广泛适用于如压力、强度、硬度、空隙、湿度、密度等物理参量的检测，甚至能达到微观量级。目前随着低成本、高性能传感技术的普及以及对工程结构性能的需求日益提升，NDT技术已经成为检验制造品质的主要技术方法。在生产-装配作业链中，NDT的存在并非总是显而易见，因为NDT技术工艺已经完全融入其中，作为一种物理控制参数成为制造过程中不可或缺的组成部分。

   随着时间的推移，在役的工程结构会出现老化并导致损伤。这个老化过程是不可避免的，具有一定的随机性，必须对它进行有效管理，确保结构的安全性不受影响。此前不太可能实现的损伤累积评判、结构老化跟踪研究，如今借助成本不断降低、计算能力逐渐增强的新型传感器技术都得以实现。在NDT技术的基础上，结合其他预测方法和工具，结构的老化过程已能够被预测。这将有助于“独立的”评估一个工程结构的寿命，同时也为管理这些工程结构的状态修和工作寿命优化提供了可能。

   基于所述问题，本报告将阐述不同材料结构的NDT运用管理，从目前广为人知的金属材料开始，逐渐过渡至纤维（如碳纤维）复合材料、矿物材料（如混泥土）。虽然目前对矿物材料的损伤机理所知不多，但可以应用金属领域一些相似的损伤容限原理，同时最近的新兴NDT检测技术也以期被有效利用。

Structuralintegrity is paramount in the engineering profession. Without this not beingguaranteed there is no justification for engineering at all. For whatever isdesigned or built the appropriate quality has therefore to be warranted.This is significantly achieved through non-destructive testing (NDT) beingapplied in the manufacturing and assembly process. NDT is not limited todetecting flaws during a manufacturing and assembly process only. Stresses andstrength, hardness, porosity, humidity or density are parameters widelyconsidered by NDT too and this even down to the micro scale. The ability ofobtaining sensor technology at a decreasing cost and the ambition in enhancingan engineering structure’s performance has allowed NDT to become a majorelement in certifying manufacturing quality. This may not always becomeapparent along the manufacturing and assembly process chain since many of theNDT procedures have even become a part within the manufacturing process itselfin a way that NDT parameters are used as a physical control parameter duringthe manufacturing process.

Engineering structures in operationare due to age and hence to damage over time. This is an unavoidable process ofa stochastic nature that has to be managed such that safety of those structuresis never compromised. Again enhanced and emerging sensor technology provided ata continuous decrease in cost and being combined with an increase in computationpower does allow damage accumulation and hence ageing of structures to betracked in a way this has never been possible before. With additionalprognostic methods and tools ageing processes of structures can be predicted onthe basis of NDT techniques. This can help to ‘individually’ assess anengineering structure’s life, which opens opportunities to manage thosestructures’ maintenance on condition and to optimize their usage in terms ofoperational life at the same time.

Based on those management issues thepresentation will address structures made of different types of materialsstarting with metals as the material being known best at present and graduallymoving over to composite materials of a fibrous (i.e. CFRP) as well as amineral (i.e. concrete) basis, where the damaging mechanisms are less known butthe principle of damage tolerance can be applied similar to metals in caseadequate advantage of recent and emerging NDT technology can be taken.

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